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                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4325-4273</idno>
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                <title level="m">Harmful Algae 2018- from ecosystems to socioecosystems .Proceedings of the18th International Conference on Harmful Algae</title>
                <meeting>
                  <title>18th International Conference on Harmful Algae (ICHA 2018)</title>
                  <date type="start">2018-10</date>
                  <settlement>Nantes</settlement>
                  <country key="FR">France</country>
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              <p>Cyanobacteria blooms frequently disturb the functioning of freshwater ecosystems and their uses, due to the  toxins  dangerous  to  health  that  cyanobacteria  are  able  to  synthesize.  Therefore,  many  countries  have implemented monitoring programs aimed at reducing the risk of human exposure to these toxins. The main limitation is related to the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of cyanobacteria. In the vertical dimension, these organisms can stay in different layers in the water column and in the horizontal scale, the cells may accumulate in some a rea of the water body, under the action of winds or currents. In an attempt to improve monitoring, many research projects have been undertaken in order to develop new tools, like buoys equipped with various underwater sensors. This tool is  highly  relevant but  it  does  not  allow  assessing  the  horizontal  distribution  of  cyanobacteria  and  its  cost  remains expensive. Moreover, if satellite remote sensing can be considered very useful for estimating biomass and horizontal distribution of cyanobacteria in a water body, the cost of this technology and the lack of satellite availability make it unaffordable for routine monitoring. In this context, our project named OSS-CYANO (Development of optical sensors and drone system for the survey of cyanobacteria) project aims in a first time to develop and validate a new, low-cost aerial  sensor.  In  this  goal,  we  developed  a  framework  for  performing  high-throughput  measurements  of  the absorbance  and  reflectance  of  small  volumes  of  controlled  mixtures  of  phytoplankton  species  and  studied  the potential of this framework to validate remote-sensing proxies of cyanobacteria concentration. A systematic test of every possible two-band and three-band normalized difference between optical indices was then performed, and the coincidental correlation with chlorophyll-b (absent in cyanobacteria) was used as an indicator of non-specificity. Two-band  indices  were  shown  to  suffer  from  non-specificity  issues  and  could  not  yield  strong  and  specific  relationships with  phycocyanin  or  phycoerythrin (maximum  R² 0.8).  The  second  part  of  our  program  aimed  to  couple  the  high-frequency   measurements   and   a   physically-based   three-dimensional   hydro-ecological   model   for   predicting cyanobacteria  blooms.  Finally,  the  third  part  of  our  program  aimed  to  implement a  drone  capable  of  carrying  the sensor  to  perform  spatial  measurements  on  large  water  bodies,  and  other  instruments  for  water  sampling  or  for performing underwater measurements. Six public research laboratories and one private company have been involved in this project.</p>
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